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In order to use the code in a module, Python must be able to locate the module and load it into memory. The location information is stored as paths within Python. Whenever you request that Python import a module, Python looks at all the files in its list of paths to find it. The path information comes from three sources:
Environment variables: Python environment variables, such as PYTHONPATH, tells Python where to find modules on disk.
Current directory: You can change the current Python directory so that it can locate any modules used by your application.
Default directories: Even when you don’t define any environment variables and the current directory doesn’t yield any usable modules, Python can still find its own libraries in the set of default directories that are included as part of its own path information.
It’s helpful to know the current path information because the lack of a path can cause your application to fail. The following steps demonstrate how you can obtain path information:
Open the Python Shell.
You see the Python Shell window appear.
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Type import sys and press Enter.
Type for p in sys.path: and press Enter.
Python automatically indents the next line for you. The sys.path attribute always contains a listing of default paths.
Type print(p) and press Enter twice.
You see a listing of the path information. Your listing may be different, depending on your platform, the version of Python you have installed, and the Python features you have installed.
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The sys.path attribute is reliable but may not always contain every path that Python can see. If you don’t see a needed path, you can always check in another place that Python looks for information. The following steps show how to perform this task:
Type import os and press Enter.
Type os.environ[‘PYTHONPATH’].split(os.pathsep) and press Enter.
When you have a PYTHONPATH environment variable defined, you see a list of paths. However, if you don’t have the environment variable defined, you see an error message instead.
The sys.path attribute doesn’t include the split() function, which is why the example uses a for loop with it. However, the os.environ[‘PYTHONPATH’] attribute does include the split() function, so you can use it to create a list of individual paths.
You must provide split() with a value to look for in splitting a list of items. The os.pathsepconstant (a variable that has one, unchangeable, defined value) defines the path separator for the current platform so that you can use the same code on any platform that supports Python.
Close the Python Shell.
The Python Shell window closes.
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You can also add and remove items from sys.path.
Your Mac system likely already has Python installed on it. However, this installation is normally a few years old — or whatever the age of your system happens to be. You won’t be testing the limits of Python programming technology — just getting a great start using Python.
The Leopard version of OS X (10.5) uses a really old version of Python 2.5.1. This particular version lacks direct access to the IDLE application. This article tells you more about how to overcome this particular issue. Currently, the newest version of OS X (Mavericks, or 10.9) comes with Python 2.7.
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Depending on how you use Python, you might want to update your installation at some point. Part of this process involves installing the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) tools so that Python has access to the low-level resources it needs. The following steps get you started with installing a new version of Python on your Mac OS X system.
Navigate to the Python download site with your browser.
You see information regarding the latest version of Python.
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Click the appropriate link for your version of OS X:
Python 3.3.4 Mac OS X 64-bit/32-bit x86-64/i386 Installer for 32-bit or 64-bit versions on the Intel processor
Python 3.3.4 Mac OS X 32-bit i386/PPC Installer for 32-bit versions on the Power PC processor
The Python disk image begins downloading. Be patient: The disk image requires several minutes to download. Most browsers provide a method for monitoring the download process so that you can easily see how long the download will take. When the download is complete, your Mac automatically opens the disk image for you.
The disk image actually looks like a folder. Inside this folder, you see a number of files, including python.mpkg. The python.mpkg file is the one that contains the Python application. The text files contain information about the build, licensing, and any late-breaking notes.
Double-click python.mpkg.
You see a Welcome dialog box that tells you about this particular Python build.
Click Continue three times.
The installation program displays late-breaking notes about Python, licensing information (click Agree when asked about the licensing information), and, finally, a destination dialog box.
Select the Volume (hard drive or other media) that you want to use for installing Python and click Continue.
The Installation Type dialog box appears. This dialog box performs two tasks:
Click Customize to change the feature set that is installed on your system.
Click Change Install Location to modify the place where the installer places Python.
Click Install.
The installer may request your administrator password. Type the administrator name and password, if required, into the dialog box and click OK. You see an Installing Python dialog box. The contents of this dialog box will change as the installation process proceeds so that you know what part of Python the installer is working with.
After the installation is completed, you see an Install Succeeded dialog box.
Click Close.
Python is ready to use. (You can close the disk image at this point and remove it from your system.)